数据采集实践作业2

作业一

1.实验内容

要求：在中国气象网（http://www.weather.com.cn）给定城市集的7日天气预报，并保存在数据库

代码如下：

import requests
import sqlite3
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup# 定义获取天气信息的函数
def get_weather_info(city_id):url_template = 'http://www.weather.com.cn/weather/{}.shtml'complete_url = url_template.format(city_id)headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/109.0.0.0 Safari/537.36'}response = requests.get(complete_url, headers=headers)response.encoding = 'utf-8'soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')forecast_data = []days = soup.find('ul', class_='t clearfix').find_all('li')for day in days:day_date = day.find('h1').get_text(strip=True)weather_condition = day.find('p', class_='wea').get_text(strip=True)high_temp = day.find('span').get_text(strip=True) if day.find('span') else ''low_temp = day.find('i').get_text(strip=True)temperature = f"{high_temp}/{low_temp}"forecast_data.append((day_date, weather_condition, temperature))return forecast_data# 创建数据库和表格
def initialize_database():connection = sqlite3.connect('weather_data.db')cursor = connection.cursor()cursor.execute('''CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS forecast (record_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,location TEXT,forecast_date TEXT,condition TEXT,temp_range TEXT)''')connection.commit()return connection# 存储天气信息到数据库
def store_weather_data(location, weather_info, connection):cursor = connection.cursor()for day_date, condition, temp in weather_info:cursor.execute("INSERT INTO forecast (location, forecast_date, condition, temp_range) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)",(location, day_date, condition, temp))connection.commit()# 打印数据库中的天气信息
def print_weather_data(connection):cursor = connection.cursor()cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM forecast")records = cursor.fetchall()print(f"{'ID':<5} {'城市':<10} {'日期':<15} {'天气状况':<20} {'温度范围':<15}")for record in records:print(f"{record[0]:<5} {record[1]:<10} {record[2]:<15} {record[3]:<20} {record[4]:<15}")def main():# 城市及其对应的代码cities = {'北京': '101010100','上海': '101020100','福州': '101230101','天津': '101030100'}# 初始化数据库连接db_connection = initialize_database()# 获取并存储每个城市的天气信息for city_name, city_id in cities.items():print(f"获取城市 {city_name} ({city_id}) 的天气信息...")weather_info = get_weather_info(city_id)store_weather_data(city_name, weather_info, db_connection)# 打印数据库中的天气信息print_weather_data(db_connection)db_connection.close()if __name__ == '__main__':main()

结果如下：

2.心得体会

​ 写代码时遇到bug：TypeError: 'bool' object is not callable

​ 仔细查找发现是strip=True后面多了一个括号，判断应该是python版本不同导致的写法不同

作业二

1.实验内容

• 要求：用requests和BeautifulSoup库方法定向爬取股票相关信息，并存储在数据库中。

• 候选网站：东方财富网：https://www.eastmoney.com/

• 新浪股票：http://finance.sina.com.cn/stock/

• 技巧：在谷歌浏览器中进入F12调试模式进行抓包，查找股票列表加载使用的url，并分析api返回的值，并根据所要求的参数可适当更改api的请求参数。根据URL可观察请求的参数f1、f2可获取不同的数值，根据情况可删减请求的参数。

• 参考链接：https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/50099084

  代码如下：

  import requests
  import re
  import sqlite3def fetch_html(page_num, query_parameters):base_url = ("http://66.push2.eastmoney.com/api/qt/clist/get?""cb=jQuery112409097606620255823_1696662149317&pn=1&pz=20&po=1&np=" + str(page_num) +"&ut=bd1d9ddb04089700cf9c27f6f7426281&fltt=2&invt=2&wbp2u=|0|0|0|web&" + query_parameters +"&fields=f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f6,f7,f8,f9,f10,f12,f13,f14,f15,f16,f17,f18,f20,f21,f23,f24,f25,f22,f11,f62,f128,f136,f115,f152&_=1696662149318")response = requests.get(base_url)regex_pattern = "\"diff\":\\[(.*?)\\]"extracted_data = re.findall(regex_pattern, response.text, re.S)return extracted_datadef process_stock_data(query_params, page_num):# Retrieve the JSON data from the APIjson_data = fetch_html(page_num, query_params)stocks_data = json_data[0].split("},")# Create/connect to a SQLite databasedatabase_connection = sqlite3.connect('stock_data.db')db_cursor = database_connection.cursor()# Create the stocks table if it doesn't existdb_cursor.execute('''CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS stock_info (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,stock_code TEXT,stock_name TEXT,stock_price REAL,price_change REAL,price_change_percent REAL,volume INTEGER,turnover REAL,amplitude REAL,highest REAL,lowest REAL,open_price REAL,last_close REAL)''')for stock in stocks_data:# Parse stock datastock_info = {}attributes = stock.split(',')for attribute in attributes:key_value = attribute.split(':')key = key_value[0].strip('"')value = key_value[1].strip('"')stock_info[key] = value# Extract relevant stock informationstock_code = stock_info.get('f12', 'N/A')stock_name = stock_info.get('f14', 'N/A')stock_price = float(stock_info.get('f2', 0.0))price_change = float(stock_info.get('f4', 0.0))price_change_percent = float(stock_info.get('f3', 0.0))volume = int(stock_info.get('f5', 0))turnover = float(stock_info.get('f6', 0.0))amplitude = float(stock_info.get('f7', 0.0))highest = float(stock_info.get('f15', 0.0))lowest = float(stock_info.get('f16', 0.0))open_price = float(stock_info.get('f17', 0.0))last_close = float(stock_info.get('f18', 0.0))# Insert stock data into the databasedb_cursor.execute("INSERT INTO stock_info (stock_code, stock_name, stock_price, price_change, price_change_percent, volume, turnover, amplitude, highest, lowest, open_price, last_close) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)",(stock_code, stock_name, stock_price, price_change, price_change_percent, volume, turnover, amplitude,highest, lowest, open_price, last_close))database_connection.commit()# Query all stock datadb_cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM stock_info")all_stocks = db_cursor.fetchall()# Get column names for displaying datacolumn_names = [description[0] for description in db_cursor.description]print("\t".join(column_names))# Display each stock's informationfor stock in all_stocks:print("\t".join(map(str, stock)))# Close the database connectiondatabase_connection.close()# Execute the function with specified parameters
  page_number = 1
  process_stock_data("fid=f3&fs=m:0+t:6,m:0+t:80,m:1+t:2,m:1+t:23,m:0+t:81+s:2048", page_number)

  结果如下：

2.心得体会

​ 目前代码是一次性抓取数据，可以考虑添加功能以定期更新数据或只插入新数据，而不是每次都插入，且如果数据量增加，插入数据库时可以考虑使用批量插入的方式提高性能。

作业三

1.实验内容

• 要求：爬取中国大学2021主榜（https://www.shanghairanking.cn/rankings/bcur/2021）所有院校信息，并存储在数据库中，同时将浏览器F12调试分析的过程录制Gif加入至博客中。
• 技巧：分析该网站的发包情况，分析获取数据的api

代码如下：

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import sqlite3# 目标网页URL
url = 'https://www.shanghairanking.cn/rankings/bcur/2021'  # 请替换为实际的URL# 使用 requests 获取网页内容
response = requests.get(url)
content = response.content# 解析网页内容
soup = BeautifulSoup(content, 'html.parser')# 找到包含大学排名信息的表格
ranking_table = soup.find('table', class_='rk-table')# 创建或连接到SQLite数据库
database = sqlite3.connect('schools_rank.db')
db_cursor = database.cursor()# 创建数据表，如果表不存在
db_cursor.execute('''CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS university_ranking(rank TEXT, school_name TEXT, province_city TEXT, school_type TEXT, total_score TEXT)''')# 遍历表格中的每一行，获取数据
for entry in ranking_table.find_all('tr')[1:]:  # 跳过表头columns = entry.find_all('td')rank_value = columns[0].get_text(strip=True)university_name = columns[1].get_text(strip=True)location = columns[2].get_text(strip=True)type_of_school = columns[3].get_text(strip=True)score = columns[4].get_text(strip=True)# 插入数据到数据库中db_cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO university_ranking (rank, school_name, province_city, school_type, total_score)VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)''', (rank_value, university_name, location, type_of_school, score))# 提交数据到数据库
database.commit()# 查询并打印数据库中的所有记录
db_cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM university_ranking")
records = db_cursor.fetchall()
for record in records:# 清除记录中的换行符cleaned_record = [field.replace('\n', '') for field in record]# 打印处理后的记录print(tuple(cleaned_record))# 关闭数据库连接
database.close()print("大学排名数据已成功保存至数据库")

结果如下：

F12调试过程GIF如下：

2.心得体会

​ 当前代码没有包括任何异常处理逻辑，导致我在debug时花费较多时间。例如在数据库操作或网页请求时，如果发生错误，程序将直接崩溃。下次将在关键部分加入 try-except 块，以便能够捕获并处理潜在的异常。